Understanding Melanoma in the Eye: A Hidden Threat Beyond the Skin

Daily Health

26/01/2026

Melanoma is widely known as a form of skin cancer, typically associated with new or changing moles, rough skin patches, and color changes. However, recent awareness campaigns have highlighted that melanoma isn’t restricted to the skin—it can also develop in the eyes, a fact less recognized but critically important.

What Is Ocular Melanoma?

Ocular melanoma refers to melanoma that originates in the eye. The eye contains melanocytes, pigment-producing cells, similar to those in the skin, which explains this rare occurrence. The two main subtypes of ocular melanoma are uveal melanoma, which occurs in the uvea (the eye’s middle layer), and conjunctival melanoma, developing in the thin, clear tissue covering the eye. Notably, ocular melanoma is not primarily caused by ultraviolet (UV) radiation, unlike the typical skin forms. Instead, risk factors may include lighter eye color and certain pre-existing eye conditions.

Benefits of Early Detection

Detecting ocular melanoma early can be lifesaving. Eye cancers, especially uveal melanoma, may develop without pain or noticeable vision changes in their early stages. Regular comprehensive eye exams are crucial since optometrists can identify small or precancerous lesions before symptoms appear. Early identification allows for timely intervention, potentially improving survival rates and preserving vision.

Risks and Considerations

While melanoma on the skin is more common, ocular melanoma is rare yet dangerous. According to the Melanoma Research Foundation, about 2,000 new cases of ocular melanoma and 130 cases of conjunctival melanoma are diagnosed annually in the U.S. The condition is particularly perilous because the retina, involved in uveal melanoma, is connected to the brain, providing a direct route for cancer to spread if undetected. Importantly, the disease often progresses silently, with few or subtle symptoms such as blurred vision, floaters, or changes in pupil shape.

The lack of clear early warning signs makes routine eye health checks vital. While the exact causes remain uncertain, research suggests that ocular melanoma is not significantly linked to sun exposure or external UV radiation, contrasting with traditional melanoma risk factors.

Practical Suggestions for Eye Health

Schedule Regular Eye Exams: Adults should have comprehensive eye exams every one to two years, regardless of symptoms. Individuals with lighter eyes, fair skin, or vision conditions may consider more frequent checks.
Monitor for Symptoms: Be vigilant for changes like blurred vision, floaters, persistent irritation, or changes in pupil size. Don’t ignore subtle or prolonged ocular symptoms.
Consult Medical Professionals: If experiencing vision changes or irritation lasting more than a few weeks, promptly consult an eye specialist.
Protect Your Eyes: While UV’s role in ocular melanoma is unclear, shielding eyes from excessive sunlight with sunglasses may provide broader ocular health benefits.

Supporting Data

According to the American Academy of Dermatology, melanoma rates in the U.S. have doubled since 1982.
About 212,000 Americans are diagnosed with melanoma each year, and around 1 million currently live with the disease.
Ocular melanoma remains rare but poses unique diagnostic and treatment challenges due to its silent progression.

Prioritizing regular eye care is not just about correcting vision—it’s about detecting sight- and life-threatening conditions like ocular melanoma before they become advanced. This small change in routine could have a significant impact on overall health.

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